二、過去分詞
及物動詞的過去分詞具有被動意義，不及物動詞具有主動意義，表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。如：
The bird caught yesterday is a swallow.
Look at the fallen leaves. Oh, there are still falling leaver over there.
1．表語 可以作表語的過去分詞較多，如amused, annoyed, astonished, attracted, bored, broken, closed, completed, connected, covered, crowded, decided, delighted, disappointed, discouraged, dressed, drunk, encouraged, embarrassed, excited, experienced, fascinated, finished, frightened, gone, injured, interested, inspired, known, lined, lost, married, moved, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, seated, shocked, shut, stationed, surprised, surrounded, tired, upset, worried等。
The door remained locked.
Marry seemed worried at the news.
2．賓補 作賓補的過去分詞一般來自及物動詞，表示被動和完成的狀態(tài)。能接過去分詞作賓補的動詞有：
1） 表示感覺和心理活動的動詞：see, hear, watch, feel, think等。
Everyone thought the battle lost.
We found her greatly changed.
2） 表示“使役”的動詞：make, get, have, keep等。
She made it known that she had bought a new car.
Jane got her bad tooth pulled out.
I have my hair cut every month.
King Louis XIV had his head cut off in the revolution.
Let’s keep the door closed.
3） 表示“希望，要求”的動詞：like, would like, want, wish等。
I want the book (to be) returned before Friday.
He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.
The readers wished the story (to be)continued.
I’d like the egg well done.
3．主語和賓語 名詞化的過去分詞，如the wounded，可以作主語和賓語。
The oppressed will rise up in no time.
They have sent the wounded to hospital.
The old worker often helps the inexperienced.
4．定語
1）前置定語 及物動詞的過去分詞具有被動意義，不及物動詞具有主動意義，表示已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的事情。
All the broken windows have been repaired.
a closed shop, an honoured guest, a defeated army, an unbroken record,
a badly-built house, a newly-published book, highly-developed industries,
man-made satellites, hand-made products, the risen sun, the fallen flowers.
注意：（1）有些過去分詞可以由very或too修飾，還可以用于比較，如well-built, disappointed, well-dressed, excited, frightened, interested, limited, pleased, relaxed, satisfied, su rprised, tired, unexpected, unsettled, worried等。
（2）但是有些過去分詞不能受very或too修飾，必須用very much, greatly, well, completely, half, hardly等修飾。如：
It’s a well/hardly/half finished job.
That was a greatly/very much admired performance.
2）后置定語 多用過去分詞短語。
This novel is the best of its kind ever written.
He is a man loved by all.
I hate to read letters written in pencil.
請比較：You’re invited to the party to be given next Sunday.
5．狀語 多來自及物動詞，修飾主句謂語動詞，其邏輯主語就是主句的主語。
1）原因狀語 常放于句首
Filled with excitement, this is more than a novel about war.
The children, worn out, fell asleep at once.
Deeply moved by his words, Dr. Simpson agreed to go with him.
2）時間或條件狀語
Heated, water changes into steam..(=When/If water is heated…)
United, we stand; divided, we fall.
3) 伴隨狀語
The boys watched the program, fascinated.
She sat at her desk, lost in thought.
注意：過去分詞作狀語時，前面往往帶when, if, while, though, as if，這樣就能使過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的意義更加明確，這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以看作是省略句，省略的是“主語+be”，主語必須與主句的主語相同。
If/When heated, water changes into steam.
Though surrounded, the soldiers were not discouraged.
Even if invited, I won’t go.
He stood there still, as if absorbed in the beautiful sight.
總 表
主語 賓語 表語 定語 賓補 狀語
不定式 √ √ √ √ √ √
動名詞 √ √ √ √
分詞 √ √ √ √