rֱ͈AЃɂ(g)c(din)Qཻ@lֱAĸABcOཻdֱ͈Aֻһc(din)Q@lֱAо@(g)">

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Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji)

r(sh)g2024-05-13 22:15:10 ־ ֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) ҪͶ

˽̰Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji)

Y(ji)ǰһ(g)r(sh)εČW(xu)(x)rM(jn)һȫϵy(tng)ĿY(ji)܉ʹ^XѣĿ(bio)_ˣ׌҂(xi)һݿY(ji)҂?c)ô?xi)Y(ji)أС˽̰Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji)ϣ(du)

˽̰Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji)

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 1

ֱ͈Ao(w)c(din)Qx ABcAOxd>r

ֱ͈AЃɂ(g)c(din)Qཻ@lֱAĸABcOཻd

ֱ͈Aֻһc(din)Q@lֱAо@(g)ΨһĹc(din)c(din)ABcOd=r(dAĵֱľx)

ƽ(ni)ֱAx+By+C=0cAx^2+y^2+Dx+Ey+F=0λP(gun)ϵДһ㷽ǣ

1.Ax+By+C=0ɵy=(-C-Ax)/B(B0)x^2+y^2+Dx+Ey+F=0ɞһ(g)P(gun)xķ

b^2-4ac>0tAcֱ2c(din)Acֱཻ

b^2-4ac=0tAcֱ1c(din)Acֱ

b^2-4ac<0tAcֱ0c(din)Acֱx

2.B=0ֱAx+C=0x=-C/AƽyS(ֱxS)x^2+y^2+Dx+Ey+F=0(x-a)^2+(y-b)^2=r^2y=b˕r(sh)ăɂ(g)xֵx1x2Ҏ(gu)x1

(dng)x=-C/Ax2r(sh)ֱcAx;

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 2

T(do)ʽı|(zh)

^Ǻ(sh)T(do)ʽnjn(/2)Ǻ(sh)D(zhun)ǵǺ(sh)

õT(do)ʽ

ʽһ O(sh)K߅ͬĽǵͬһǺ(sh)ֵȣ

sin(2k)=sin kz

cos(2k)=cos kz

tan(2k)=tan kz

cot(2k)=cot kz

ʽ O(sh)Ǻ(sh)ֵcǺ(sh)ֵ֮gP(gun)ϵ

sin()=-sin

cos()=-cos

tan()=tan

cot()=cot

ʽ c -Ǻ(sh)ֵ֮gP(gun)ϵ

sin(-)=-sin

cos(-)=cos

tan(-)=-tan

cot(-)=-cot

ʽģ ùʽ͹ʽԵõcǺ(sh)ֵ֮gP(gun)ϵ

sin()=sin

cos()=-cos

tan()=-tan

cot()=-cot

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 3

P(gun)Ľǣ

1(du)픽ǣһ(g)ǵă߅քeһ(g)ǵă߅ķL(zhng)@ɂ(g)ǽ(du)픽

2a(b)ǣɂ(g)ǵĺһ(g)ƽ@ɂ(g)a(b)ǡ

3ǣɂ(g)ǵĺһ(g)ֱ@ɂ(g)ǽ

4a(b)ǣйc(din)һl߅ɗl߅鷴L(zhng)ăɂ(g)a(b)ǡ

ע⣺a(b)ָɂ(g)ǵĔ(sh)P(gun)ϵcɂ(g)ǵλßo(w)P(gun)a(b)DŽtҪɂ(g)λP(gun)ϵ

ǵ|(zh)

1(du)픽ȡ

2ͬǻȽǵ

3ͬǻȽǵa(b)

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 4

䌍(sh)ǵĴСc߅L(zhng)̛](mi)P(gun)ϵǵĴСQڽǵăɗl߅_(ki)ij̶

ǵoB(ti)x

йc(din)ăɗl侀MɵĈDν(angle)@(g)c(din)ǵc(din)@ɗl侀ǵăɗl߅

ǵĄ(dng)B(ti)x

һl侀@Ķc(din)һ(g)λD(zhun)һ(g)λγɵĈDνǡD(zhun)侀Ķc(din)ǵc(din)_(ki)ʼλõ侀ǵʼ߅Kֹλõ侀ǵĽK߅

ǵķ̖(ho)

ǵķ̖(ho)

ǵķN

ڄ(dng)B(ti)xȡQD(zhun)ķcǶǿԷ֞Jֱǡgƽܽؓ(f)ǡ(yu)ӽ0@10NԶ֡λĽǵĶƷQǶ߀λƵ

Jǣ0С90ĽǽJ

ֱǣ90Ľǽֱǡ

gǣ90С180Ľǽg

ƽǣ180Ľǽƽ

(yu)ǣ180С360Ѓ(yu)ǡ

ӽǣ0С180ӽJֱgǶӽ

ܽǣ360Ľǽܽǡ

ؓ(f)ǣ형r(sh)?l)D(zhun)ɵĽǽؓ(f)

ǣr(sh)D(zhun)ĽǞ

0ǣȵĽ

Ǻa(b)ǣɽ֮͞90tɽǻɽ֮͞180tɽǻa(b)ȽǵȣȽǵa(b)

(du)픽ǣɗlֱཻõֻһ(g)c(din)҃ɂ(g)ǵă߅鷴L(zhng)@ӵăɂ(g)ǽ錦(du)픽ɗlֱཻ(gu)ɃɌ(du)(du)픽錦(du)픽ǵăɂ(g)ȡ

a(b)ǣɂ(g)һl߅һl߅鷴L(zhng)@NP(gun)ϵăɂ(g)a(b)ǡ

(ni)e(cu)ǣƽеăɗlֱֱlֱɂ(g)Ƕڃɗlֱ

(ni)(c)ڵlֱăɂ(c)ô@ӵһ(du)ǽ(ni)e(cu)(alternate interior angle )磺1͡62͡5

ͬԃ(ni)ǣɂ(g)Ƕڽؾͬһ(c)ڃɗlؾ֮g@λP(gun)ϵһ(du)ǻͬԃ(ni)磺1͡52͡6

ͬλǣɂ(g)Ƕڽؾͬԣַքe̎ڱصăɗlֱͬ(c),@λP(gun)ϵһ(du)ǽͬλ(correspondingangles)1͡82͡7

e(cu)ǣɗlֱlֱ(gu)˰˂(g)ɂ(g)Ƕڃɗlؾ(c)ڽؾăɂ(c)ô@ӵһ(du)ǽe(cu)磺4c73c8

ͬǣɂ(g)Ƕڽؾͬһ(c)ڃɗlؾ֮@λP(gun)ϵһ(du)ǻͬ磺4͡83͡7

K߅ͬĽǣйͬʼ߅ͽK߅ĽǽнK߅ͬĽcaK߅ͬĽnjڼϣ

A{bb=k_360+a,kZ}ʾǶ;

B{bb=2k+a,kZ}ʾ

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 5

x

(du)(yng)ȣ(du)(yng)߅ɱăɂ(g)ν

ֵcȵĸ

ֵһ(g)wĔ(sh)磺AB/EF=2

Ȳһ(g)wĔ(sh)磺AB/EF=21ж

Cɂ(g)Α(yng)ԓѱʾ(du)(yng)c(din)ĸ(xi)ڌ(du)(yng)λZ(y)ԵġABCcDEFơôf(shu)@ɂ(g)εČ(du)(yng)c(din)ܛ](mi)Ќ(xi)ڌ(du)(yng)λǷ̖(ho)Z(y)ԵġABCסDEFôf(shu)@ɂ(g)εČ(du)(yng)c(din)(xi)ˌ(du)(yng)λ

һ(A(y)䶨)

ƽһ߅ֱ߅ڵֱصõcԭ(@жĶжCĻA(ch)@(g)CҪƽоcγɱC)

һ(g)εăɂ(g)cһ(g)εăɂ(g)nj(du)(yng),ô@ɂ(g)ơ

ɂ(g)εăɽM(du)(yng)߅ɱ(yng)ĊA,ô@ɂ(g)

ɂ(g)εM(du)(yng)߅ɱô@ɂ(g)

(x)

(du)(yng)ȣ(du)(yng)߅ɱăɂ(g)ν

(g)

ZAͷA

ɂ(g)ֱб߅cֱ߅(du)(yng)ɱôһƵ

1ɂ(g)ȫȵ

(ȫƱȞ11)

2ɂ(g)

(ɂ(g)еһ(g)픽ǻ׽ô@ɂ(g))

3ɂ(g)߅

(ɂ(g)߅Ƕ60߅߅)

4ֱб߅ĸγɵ(g)(ĸ)

DεČW(xu)(x)ҪҌ(du)֪R(sh)Ԕ(x)˽͝B͸һ^(gu)

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 6

ڶʽļӜp

21ʽ

1(xing)ʽɔ(sh)ֺĸ˷eMɵʽϵ(sh)(xing)ʽĴΔ(sh)(xing)ʽָǔ(sh)ĸķeĴ(sh)ʽΪ(d)һ(g)(sh)һ(g)ĸҲdž(xing)ʽˣД(sh)ʽǷdž(xing)ʽP(gun)IҪ(sh)ʽД(sh)cĸǷdz˷eP(gun)ϵĸвĸʽкмӡp\(yn)P(gun)ϵҲdž(xing)ʽ

2(xing)ʽϵ(sh)ָ(xing)ʽеĔ(sh)(sh)

3(xing)(sh)ĴΔ(sh)ָ(xing)ʽĸָ(sh)ĺ͡

4(xing)ʽׂ(g)(xing)ʽĺД(sh)ʽǷǶ(xing)ʽP(gun)IҪ(sh)ʽеÿһ(xing)Ƿdž(xing)ʽÿ(g)(xing)ʽQ(xing)(sh)(xing)(xing)ʽĴΔ(sh)Ƕ(xing)ʽдΔ(sh)ĴΔ(sh)(xing)ʽĴΔ(sh)ָ(xing)ʽΔ(sh)(xing)ĴΔ(sh)@ǴΔ(sh)(xing)Δ(sh)6(xing)ʽ(xing)ָڶ(xing)ʽУÿһ(g)(xing)ʽ؄eע(xing)ʽ(xing)ǰ|(zh)̖(ho)

5ĸʾ(sh)ʽʾ(sh)P(gun)ϵע(xing)ʽͶ(xing)ʽÿһ(xing)ǰķ̖(ho)

6(xing)ʽͶ(xing)ʽy(tng)Qʽ

22ʽļӜp

1ͬ(xing)ĸͬͬĸָ(sh)Ҳͬ(xing)cĸǰϵ(sh)0o(w)P(gun)

2ͬ(xing)ͬr(sh)Mɂ(g)l1ĸͬ2ͬĸĴΔ(sh)ͬȱһͬ(xing)cϵ(sh)Сĸo(w)P(gun)

3ϲͬ(xing)Ѷ(xing)ʽеͬ(xing)ϲһ(xing)\(yn)ýQY(ji)ɺͷ

4ϲͬ(xing)tϲͬ(xing)(xing)ϵ(sh)Ǻϲǰͬ(xing)ϵ(sh)ĺĸֲ׃

5ȥ̖(ho)tȥ̖(ho)̖(ho)̖(ho)׃̖(ho)ؓ(f)̖(ho)ȫ׃̖(ho)

6ʽӜpһ㲽E

һȥ

1̖(ho)ȥ̖(ho)tȥ̖(ho)2Y(ji)ͬ(xing)3ϲͬ(xing)Ju

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 7

1.һԪһηֻ̣һ(g)δ֪(sh)δ֪(sh)ĴΔ(sh)1Һδ֪(sh)(xing)ϵ(sh)ʽһԪһη̡

2.һԪһη̵Ę(bio)(zhn)ʽax+b=0xδ֪(sh)ab֪(sh)a0

3.һԪһη̽ⷨһ㲽E̡ȥĸȥ̖(ho)(xing)ϲͬ(xing)ϵ(sh)1 z(yn)̵Ľ⣩

4.һԪһη̽⑪(yng)}

1x}ڡֆ(wn)}

м(x)x}ҳʾP(gun)ϵP(gun)I֣磺Сӣpס@ЩP(gun)Iгֵʽғ(j)}O(sh)δ֪(sh)}ĿеcP(gun)ϵ(sh)ʽõ̡

2(hu)Dڡг̆(wn)}

ÈDη(sh)W(xu)(wn)}ǔ(sh)νY(ji)˼ڔ(sh)W(xu)еwF(xin)м(x)x}}⮋(hu)P(gun)DΣʹDθ־ضĺxͨ^(gu)DP(gun)ϵǽQ(wn)}P(gun)IĶȡòз̵(j)c֮gP(gun)ϵɰδ֪(sh)֪P(gun)Ĵ(sh)ʽǫ@÷̵ĻA(ch)

11.з̽⑪(yng)}ijùʽ

1г̆(wn)}x=ٶȡr(sh)g

2̆(wn)}=Чr(sh)

3ʆ(wn)}=ȫw

4(wn)}ٶ=oˮٶ+ˮٶȣٶ=oˮٶȡˮٶ

5Ʒr(ji)(wn)}ۃr(ji)=r(ji)ۡ(rn)=ۃr(ji)ɱ

6L(zhng)ewe(wn)}CA=2RSA=R2CL(zhng)=2a+bSL(zhng)=abC=4aS=a2Sh(hun)=УR2r2VL(zhng)w=abcVw=a3VA=R2hVAF= R2h

ƒ(ni)Ǵ(sh)W(xu)ĺҲд(sh)̵ĻA(ch)SʵĆ(wn)}龳ͽQ(wn)}Ŀ옷(l)׼W(xu)(du)(sh)W(xu)Ę(l)ȤҪע(do)W(xu)߅Ć(wn)}оM(jn)ЧĔ(sh)W(xu)(dng)ͺ׌W(xu)(dng)W(xu)(x)̽W(xu)(x)^(gu)Ы@֪R(sh)w(hu)(sh)W(xu)˼뷽

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 8

(dng)c(din)c(sh)D(wn)}Ҋ(jin)ķNͣ

1еĄ(dng)c(din)(wn)}:(dng)c(din)ε߅\(yn)(dng),(j)(wn)}еijc׃֮gP(gun)ϵ,Дຯ(sh)D.

2߅еĄ(dng)c(din)(wn)}:(dng)c(din)߅ε߅\(yn)(dng),(j)(wn)}еijc׃֮gP(gun)ϵ,Дຯ(sh)D.

3AеĄ(dng)c(din)(wn)}:(dng)c(din)؈A\(yn)(dng),(j)(wn)}еijc׃֮gP(gun)ϵ,Дຯ(sh)D.

4ֱpタеĄ(dng)c(din)(wn)}:(dng)c(din)ֱpタ\(yn)(dng),(j)(wn)}еijc׃֮gP(gun)ϵ,Дຯ(sh)D.

D\(yn)(dng)c(sh)D(wn)}Ҋ(jin)Nͣ

1c߅ε\(yn)(dng)DΆ(wn)}:һlһ\(yn)(dng)(jng)^(gu)λ߅,(j)(wn)}еijc׃֮gP(gun)ϵ,M(jn)зֶ,Дຯ(sh)D.

2߅c߅ε\(yn)(dng)DΆ(wn)}:һ(g)λ߅һ\(yn)(dng)(jng)^(gu)һ(g)߅,(j)(wn)}еijc׃֮gP(gun)ϵ,M(jn)зֶ,Дຯ(sh)D.

3߅cA\(yn)(dng)DΆ(wn)}:һ(g)Aһ\(yn)(dng)(jng)^(gu)һ(g)λ߅,һ(g)λ߅һ\(yn)(dng)(jng)^(gu)һ(g)A,(j)(wn)}еijc׃֮gP(gun)ϵ,M(jn)зֶ,Дຯ(sh)D.

(dng)c(din)(wn)}Ҋ(jin)ķNͣ

1еĄ(dng)c(din)(wn)}:(dng)c(din)ε߅\(yn)(dng),ͨ^(gu)ȫȻ,̽(gu)ɵˆDcԭDε߅ǵP(gun)ϵ.

2߅еĄ(dng)c(din)(wn)}:(dng)c(din)߅ε߅\(yn)(dng),ͨ^(gu)̽(gu)ɵˆDcԭDεȫȻ,ó߅ǵP(gun)ϵ.

3AеĄ(dng)c(din)(wn)}:(dng)c(din)؈A\(yn)(dng),̽(gu)ɵˆDε߅ǵP(gun)ϵ.

4ֱpタеĄ(dng)c(din)(wn)}:(dng)c(din)ֱpタ\(yn)(dng),̽Ƿڄ(dng)c(din)(gu)ɵǵλc֪DƵȆ(wn)}.

Y(ji)˼

}Ƕκ(sh)ľC}˴ϵ(sh)κ(sh)Ľʽһκ(sh)Ľʽȫȵж|(zh)ֱε|(zh)ƽо|(zh)(sh)νY(ji)˼đ(yng)ǽ}P(gun)I.

(dng)B(ti)Ԇ(wn)}ͨnj(du)׺ΈD\(yn)(dng)^(gu)һ(g)J(rn)R(sh)l(f)򡰄(dng)coă(ni)“(lin)ϵ׃Ҏ(gu)׃׃Ķ_(d)}Ŀ.

𺯔(sh)ĈD(wn)}һѭIJE

1(j)׃ȡֵ(du)(sh)M(jn)зֶ.

2ÿεĽʽ.

3ÿεĽʽ_ÿΈDΠ.

(du)ÈDֶκ(sh)Č(sh)H(wn)},ҪץסŽc(din)

1׃׃(sh)ֵ׃ĈDˮƽαʾ.

2׃׃(sh)ֵҲ׃p׃r.

3(sh)Dc(din)c(din).

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 9

1(sh)ؓ(f)(sh)P(gun)

(1)(sh)0Ĕ(sh)(sh);

ؓ(f)(sh)0СĔ(sh)ؓ(f)(sh);

0Ȳ(sh)Ҳؓ(f)(sh)

(2)(sh)ؓ(f)(sh)ʾ෴x

2픵(sh)ĸ

3P(gun)(sh)S

(1)(sh)SҪأԭc(din)򡢆λL(zhng)(sh)Sһlֱ

(2)픵(sh)Ô(sh)Sϵc(din)(li)ʾ(sh)Sϵc(din)һ픵(sh)

(3)(sh)S߅Ĕ(sh)߅Ĕ(sh);ʾ(sh)c(din)ԭc(din)҂(c)ʾؓ(f)(sh)c(din)ԭc(din)(c)

(2)෴(sh)̖(ho)ͬ^(du)ֵȵăɂ(g)(sh)෴(sh)

ab෴(sh)ta+b=0;

෴(sh)DZ0(sh)෴(sh)ؓ(f)(sh)ؓ(f)(sh)෴(sh)(sh)

(3)^(du)ֵСĔ(sh)0;^(du)ֵDZĔ(sh)Ƿؓ(f)(sh)

4κΔ(sh)Ľ^(du)ֵǷؓ(f)(sh)

С(sh)1ؓ(f)(sh)-1

5ý^(du)ֵ^С

ɂ(g)(sh)^^(du)ֵǂ(g)(sh);

ɂ(g)ؓ(f)(sh)^Ľ^(du)ֵ^(du)ֵķС

6픵(sh)ӷ

(1)̖(ho)ͬăɔ(sh)ӣ͵ķ̖(ho)cɂ(g)Ӕ(sh)ķ̖(ho)һ͵Ľ^(du)ֵڃɂ(g)Ӕ(sh)^(du)ֵ֮.

(2)̖(ho)෴ăɔ(sh)ӣ(dng)ɂ(g)Ӕ(sh)^(du)ֵȕr(sh)͵ķ̖(ho)c^(du)ֵ^ļӔ(sh)ķ̖(ho)ͬ͵Ľ^(du)ֵڼӔ(sh)^Ľ^(du)ֵpȥ^СĽ^(du)ֵ;(dng)ɂ(g)Ӕ(sh)^(du)ֵȕr(sh)ɂ(g)Ӕ(sh)෴(sh)͞.

(3)һ(g)(sh)ͬԵ@(g)(sh).

ӷĽQɣa+b=b+a

ӷĽY(ji)ɣ(a+b)+c=a+(b+c)

7픵(sh)p

pȥһ(g)(sh)ڼ@(g)(sh)෴(sh)

8ڰ픵(sh)Ӝp\(yn)y(tng)һ(jin)ʽؓ(f)(sh)ǰļ̖(ho)ʡԲ(xi).

磺14+12+(-25)+(-17)Ԍ(xi)ʡ̖(ho)ʽ14+12 -25-17x1412p25p17Ҳx1412ؓ(f)25ؓ(f)17ĺ.

9픵(sh)ij˷

ɂ(g)(sh)̖ͬ(ho)̖(ho)ؓ(f)ٰѽ^(du)ֵ;κΔ(sh)c0˶0

һ_eķ̖(ho) ڶ^(du)ֵ

10˷eķ̖(ho)Ĵ_

ׂ(g)픵(sh)ˣ(sh) 0 r(sh)eķ̖(ho)ؓ(f)(sh)Ă(g)(sh)_(dng)ؓ(f)(sh)攵(sh)(g)r(sh)eؓ(f);

(dng)ؓ(f)(sh)ż(sh)(g)r(sh)eׂ(g)픵(sh),һ(g)(sh),e͞

11(sh)

˷e1ăɂ(g)(sh)鵹(sh)0](mi)е(sh)

(sh)ĵ(sh)(sh)ؓ(f)(sh)ĵ(sh)ؓ(f)(sh)(鵹(sh)ăɂ(g)(sh)̖(ho)һͬ)

(sh)DZֻ1-1

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 10

1.AԈAĞ錦(du)QĵČ(du)QD;ͬAȈAİ돽ȡ

2.c(din)ľxڶL(zhng)c(din)܉EԶc(din)AL(zhng)돽ĈA

3.ͬAȈAȵĈAĽ(du)Ļȣ(du)(du)ҵľ

4.AǶc(din)ľxڶL(zhng)c(din)ļϡ

5.Aă(ni)ԿLjAĵľxСڰ돽c(din)ļ;AⲿԿLjAĵľxڰ돽c(din)ļ

6.ͬһֱϵc(din)_һ(g)A

7.ֱҵֱƽ@lҲƽ(du)ăɗl

Փ1

ƽ(ֱ)ֱֱƽ(du)ăɗl;

ҵĴֱƽ־(jng)^(gu)Aƽ(du)ăɗl;

ƽ(du)һlֱֱƽƽ(du)һl

Փ2AăɗlƽAĻ

8.ՓͬAȈAУɂ(g)AĽɗlɗlһҵľһMô(du)(yng)Mȡ

9.Aă(ni)߅εČ(du)ǻa(b)κһ(g)Ƕă(ni)(du)ǡ

10.(jng)^(gu)c(din)Ҵֱоֱؽ(jng)^(gu)A

11.ож(jng)^(gu)돽˲Ҵֱ@l돽ֱLjAо

12.о|(zh)Aоֱڽ(jng)^(gu)c(din)İ돽

13.(jng)^(gu)AҴֱоֱؽ(jng)^(gu)c(din)

14.оL(zhng)ĈAһc(din)AăɗlооL(zhng)Aĺ@һc(din)BƽփɗlоĊAǡ

15.A߅εăɽM(du)߅ĺǵڃ(ni)(du)

16.ɂ(g)AУôc(din)һBľ

17.

كɈAxd>R+r

ڃɈAd=R+r

ۃɈAཻd>R-r)

܃ɈA(ni)d=R-r(R>r)

݃ɈA(ni)d=r)

18.шAֳn(n3):

BY(ji)c(din)õĶ߅@(g)Aă(ni)n߅

ƽ(jng)^(gu)c(din)AооĽc(din)c(din)Ķ߅@(g)An߅

19.κ߅ζһ(g)ӈAһ(g)(ni)ЈA@ɂ(g)AͬĈA

20.L(zhng)Ӌ(j)㹫ʽL=nأR/180;eʽS=nأR^2/360=LR/2

21.(ni)оL(zhng)= d-(R-r)⹫оL(zhng)= d-(R+r)

22.һl(du)ĈAܽǵ(du)ĈAĽǵһ

23.Փ1ͬȻ(du)ĈAܽ;ͬAȈAȵĈAܽ(du)ĻҲȡ

24.Փ2A(ֱ)(du)ĈAֱܽ;90ĈAܽ(du)ֱ

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 11

һԪһη̶x

ͨ^(gu)(jin)ֻһ(g)δ֪(sh)Һδ֪(sh)ߴ(xing)ĴΔ(sh)һĵʽһԪһηͨʽax+b=0(ab鳣(sh)a0)һԪһη̌ʽ̣̃߅ʽ

һԪָ̃Hһ(g)δ֪(sh)һָδ֪(sh)ĴΔ(sh)1δ֪(sh)ϵ(sh)0҂ax+b=0(xδ֪(sh)ab֪(sh)a0)һԪһη̵Ę(bio)(zhn)ʽ@aδ֪(sh)ϵ(sh)bdz(sh)xĴΔ(sh)1

һԪһη̱ͬr(sh)M4(g)lǵʽ;Ʒĸвδ֪(sh);δ֪(sh)ߴ(xing)1;Ⱥδ֪(sh)(xing)ϵ(sh)0

һԪһη̵傀(g)Ć(wn)}

һʲôǵʽ?1+1=1ǵʽ?

ʾP(gun)ϵʽӽʽʽɷһǺʽ,κSĔ(sh)ֵʽеĸ,ʽă߅,ɔ(sh)ֽMɵĵʽҲǺʽ,2+4=6,a+b=b+aȶǺʽ;ڶǗlʽ,ҲǷ,@ʽֻȡijЩ(sh)ֵʽеĸr(sh),ʽų,x+y=-5,x+4=7ȶǗlʽ;ìܵʽ,ǟo(w)Փκֵʽеĸ,ʽ,x2=-2,|a|+5=0

һ(g)ʽ,̖(ho)һ(g),Bʽ,BʽԻһMֻһ(g)̖(ho)ĵʽ

ʽc(sh)ʽͬ,ʽке̖(ho),(sh)ʽв̖(ho)

ʽЃɂ(g)Ҫ|(zh)1)ʽă߅ϻpȥͬһ(g)(sh)ͬһ(g)ʽ,ýY(ji)Ȼһ(g)ʽ;(2)ʽă߅Իͬһ(g)(sh)(sh),ýY(ji)Ȼһ(g)ʽ

ʲôǷ,ʲôһԪһη?

δ֪(sh)ĵʽ,2x-3=8,x+y=7ȡДһ(g)ʽǷǷ,ֻ迴c(din):һDzǵʽ;Ƿδ֪(sh),ȱһ

ֻһ(g)δ֪(sh),Һδ֪(sh)ʽӶʽ,δ֪(sh)ĴΔ(sh)1,ϵ(sh)0ķ̽һԪһη(bio)(zhn)ʽax+b=0(a0a,b֪(sh))ֵע1)һ(g)ʽ̵"Ԫ"""nj@(g)̻(jin)ʽж緽2y2+6=3x+2y2,ʽǶԪη,(jin),(sh)Hһ(g)һԪһη(2)ʽ̷ĸвδ֪(sh)ДǷʽ,DzȌ(jin)緽x+1/x=2+1/x,?yn)ķĸкδ֪?sh)x,,ʽķM(jn)л(jin),tx=2,@r(sh)ȥД,õe(cu)`ĽY(ji)Փ

ՄΔ(sh)ķ,ָʽ,̵ă߅ʽһԪһηʽԪ(sh)ҴΔ(sh)͵ķ

ʽʲôţĻ|(zh)?

еijЩ(xing)׃̖(ho),ķ̵һ߅Ƶһ߅׃ν(xing),(xing)(j)ǵʽĻ|(zh)1

(xing)r(sh)һҪѺδ֪(sh)(xing)Ƶʽ߅ⷽ3x-2=4x-5r(sh)Ϳ԰Ѻδ֪(sh)(xing)Ƶ߅,ѳ(sh)(xing)Ƶ߅,@ӕ(hu)@ú(jin)Щ

ȥĸ,δ֪(sh)ϵ(sh)1,t(j)ʽĻ|(zh)2M(jn)еġ

ʽһǷ̆?һǵʽ?

ʽcк֮ܶͬ̎綼õ̖(ho)Bӵ,̖(ho)҃߅Ǵ(sh)ʽ,߀Ѕ^(q)ẽHǺδ֪(sh)ĵʽ,ǵʽеf(shu),ʽ;^(gu)(li),̲еĵʽ,13+5=18,18-13=5ڵʽ,Ƿ,ʽһǷ̵f(shu)Dz(du)

"ⷽ"c"̵Ľ"һƒ?jin)?

̵Ľʹ҃߅ȵδ֪(sh)ȡֵⷽ󷽳̵ĽД෽̟o(w)^(gu)̵ĽǽY(ji),ⷽһ(g)^(gu)̵Ľе""~,ⷽе""DŽ(dng)~,߲ܻ

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 12

Ǻ͵Ĺʽ

sin(++)=sincos¡cos+cossin¡cos+coscos¡sin-sinsin¡sin

cos(++)=coscos¡cos-cossin¡sin-sincos¡sin-sinsin¡cos

tan(++)=(tan+tan+tan-tantan¡tan)/(1-tantan-tan¡tan-tanátan)

ǹʽ

tan2A = 2tanA/(1-tan2 A)

Sin2A=2SinA?CosA

Cos2A = Cos^2 A--Sin2 A =2Cos2 A-1 =1-2sin^2 A

ǹʽ

sin3A = 3sinA-4(sinA)3;

cos3A = 4(cosA)3 -3cosA

tan3a = tan a ? tan(/3+a)? tan(/3-a)

Ǻ(sh)ֵ

=0 sin=0 cos=1 tn=0 cot sec=1 csc

=15(/12) sin=(6-2)/4 cos=(6+2)/4 tn=2-3 cot=2+3 sec=6-2 csc=6+2

=22.5(/8) sin=(2-2)/2 cos=(2+2)/2 tn=2-1 cot=2+1 sec=(4-22) csc=(4+22)

a=30(/6) sin=1/2 cos=3/2 tn=3/3 cot=3 sec=23/3 csc=2

=45(/4) sin=2/2 cos=2/2 tn=1 cot=1 sec=2 csc=2

=60(/3) sin=3/2 cos=1/2 tn=3 cot=3/3 sec=2 csc=23/3

=67.5(3/8) sin=(2+2)/2 cos=(2-2)/2 tn=2+1 cot=2-1 sec=(4+22) csc=(4-22)

=75(5/12) sin=(6+2)/4 cos=(6-2)/4 tn=2+3 cot=2-3 sec=6+2 csc=6-2

=90(/2) sin=1 cos=0 tn cot=0 sec csc=1

=180() sin=0 cos=-1 tn=0 cot sec=-1 csc

=270(3/2) sin=-1 cos=0 tn cot=0 sec csc=-1

=360(2) sin=0 cos=1 tn=0 cot sec=1 csc

Ǻ(sh)ӛ혿

1Ǻ(sh)ӛE

żָǦ/2ı(sh)ż׃c׃ָǺ(sh)Q׃׃ָ׃׃С(֮Ȼ)̖(ho)ޡĺxǣѽǦJ]ޣn(/2)ǵڎ޽Ķõʽ߅̖(ho)߀ؓ(f)̖(ho)

cos(/2+)=-sinʽ߅cos(/2+)n=1߅̖(ho)sinѦJǣԦ/2<(/2+)<y=cosxڅ^(q)g(/2)С߅̖(ho)ؓ(f)߅-sin

2̖(ho)ДE

ȫ,S,T,C,@傀(g)ֿE˼f(shu)һރ(ni)κһ(g)ǵķNǺ(sh)ֵǡ+;ڶރ(ni)ֻǡ+ȫǡ-;ރ(ni)ֻǡ+ȫǡ-;ރ(ni)ֻǡ+ȫǡ-

Ҳ@⣺һָĽޡȫҡָnj(du)(yng)Ǻ(sh)ֵQEδἰĶؓ(f)ֵ

ASTCZ⼴顰all(ȫ)sintancosՌĸZ^(gu)(li)(xi)ռތ(du)(yng)Ǻ(sh)ֵ

3Ǻ(sh)혿

Ǻ(sh)Ǻ(sh)޷̖(ho)(bio)ע(sh)DλAżpF(xin)

ͬP(gun)ϵҪ(jin)CҪ߅c(din)̎ϵи;

ӛϔ(sh)һBY(ji)c(din)ƽ(sh)P(gun)ϵnj(du)ǣc(din)һ(sh)ںɸT(do)ʽǺãؓ(f)С׃JǺò(jin)Cٲһ(sh)攵(sh)ż׃ҕJ̖(ho)ԭ(li)(sh)ɽǺ͵ֵνǺֵҷepҷeQ׃αʽͲeͬǶ׃Q

Ӌ(j)CУעY(ji)(gu)(sh)ֻ׃y(jin)׃

淴ԭtָ(do)罵κͲelʽC˼ָ·

f(wn)ܹʽһʽȡʽúã׃\(yn)ü;

һһpңһνǜp罵鷶;

Ǻ(sh)(sh)(sh)|(zh)ǶǺ(sh)ֵнȡֵ;

ֱֱ^ÓQ(jin)ǵķ(jin)⼯

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 13

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji)λ

֪R(sh)Ҫc(din)ελƽڃɵҵڃɵ׺͵һ

1.λ

(1)λxB΃߅c(din)ľνελ

(2)λxBY(ji)΃c(din)ľνελ

ע⣺

(1)Ҫελcεо^(q)_(ki)оBY(ji)һc(din)(du)߅c(din)λBY(ji)΃߅c(din)ľ

(2)ελBY(ji)c(din)ľζBY(ji)ɵc(din)ľ

(3)ɂ(g)λxg“(lin)ϵ԰οϵמr(sh)@r(sh)ελ׃ελ

2.λ

(1)λελƽڵ߅ҵһ.

΃߅c(din)B(λ)ƽڵBC߅ҵڵ߅һ

֪R(sh)ҪI(lng)Y(ji)ελ(gu)ɵС(c(din))eԭeķ֮һ

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji)ƽֱ(bio)ϵ

nj(du)ƽֱ(bio)ϵă(ni)݌W(xu)(x)ϣͬW(xu)ܺõă(ni)

ƽֱ(bio)ϵ

ƽֱ(bio)ϵ

ƽ(ni)(hu)ɗlഹֱԭc(din)غϵĔ(sh)SMƽֱ(bio)ϵ

ˮƽĔ(sh)SQxSMSQֱĔ(sh)SQySvS(bio)SĽc(din)ƽֱ(bio)ϵԭc(din)

ƽֱ(bio)ϵҪأͬһƽڃɗl(sh)Sۻഹֱԭc(din)غ

(g)Ҏ(gu)

Ҏ(gu)MSȡҞvSȡϞ

چλL(zhng)ȵҎ(gu)һrMSvSλL(zhng)ͬ(sh)HЕr(sh)Ҳɲͬͬһ(sh)Sϱͬ

޵Ҏ(gu)ϞһϞڶžޡž

挦(du)ƽֱ(bio)ϵ֪R(sh)vW(xu)(x)ͬW(xu)ѽ(jng)ܺܺõ˰ϣͬW(xu)ܿԇɹ

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)ƽֱ(bio)ϵĘ(gu)

(du)ƽֱ(bio)ϵĘ(gu)Ƀ(ni)҂һ(li)W(xu)(x)Ŷ

ƽֱ(bio)ϵĘ(gu)

ͬһ(g)ƽϻഹֱйԭc(din)ăɗl(sh)S(gu)ƽֱ(bio)ϵ(jin)Qֱ(bio)ϵͨɗl(sh)SքeˮƽλcUֱλȡcϵķքeɗl(sh)SˮƽĔ(sh)SXSMSUֱĔ(sh)SYSvSXSYSy(tng)Q(bio)SĹԭc(din)OQֱ(bio)ϵԭc(din)

ͨ^(gu)挦(du)ƽֱ(bio)ϵĘ(gu)֪R(sh)vW(xu)(x)ϣͬW(xu)(du)ă(ni)ݶܺܺõͬW(xu)J(rn)W(xu)(x)

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)c(din)(bio)|(zh)

nj(du)(sh)W(xu)c(din)(bio)|(zh)֪R(sh)W(xu)(x)ͬW(xu)J(rn)濴Ŷ

c(din)(bio)|(zh)

ƽֱ(bio)ϵ(du)(bio)ϵƽ(ni)κһc(din)҂Դ_(bio)^(gu)(li)(du)κһ(g)(bio)҂(bio)ƽ(ni)_ʾһ(g)c(din)

(du)ƽ(ni)һc(din)C^(gu)c(din)CքeSSڣSSϵČ(du)(yng)c(din)abքec(din)CęM(bio)v(bio)?q)?sh)(du)abc(din)C(bio)

һ(g)c(din)ڲͬ޻(bio)Sc(din)(bio)һ

ϣ挦(du)c(din)(bio)|(zh)֪R(sh)vW(xu)(x)ͬW(xu)ܺܺõͬW(xu)(hu)ڿԇȡÃ(yu)ɿ(j)

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)ʽֽһ㲽E

P(gun)ڔ(sh)W(xu)ʽֽһ㲽E(ni)݌W(xu)(x)҂֪R(sh)v⡣

ʽֽһ㲽E

(xing)ʽйʽṫʽ](mi)йʽĶ(xing)ʽͿ]\(yn)ùʽ(xing)(xing)ϵĶ(xing)ʽͨ÷ֽMֽⷨ\(yn)ʮ˷ֽʽˣԸ飺һᡱסֽMʮ֡

ע⣺ʽֽһҪֽ⵽ÿһ(g)ʽٷֹֽtDzȫʽֽ}Ŀ](mi)_ָĂ(g)(ni)ʽֽ(yng)ԓָ픵(sh)(ni)ʽֽ˷ֽʽĽY(ji)ǎׂ(g)ʽķeʽ

挦(du)ʽֽһ㲽E֪R(sh)ă(ni)vW(xu)(x)ͬW(xu)ѽ(jng)ܺܺõ˰ϣͬW(xu)(hu)óɿ(j)

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)ʽֽ

nj(du)(sh)W(xu)ʽֽ(ni)ݵ֪R(sh)vϣͬW(xu)J(rn)W(xu)(x)

ʽֽ

ʽֽⶨxһ(g)(xing)ʽɎׂ(g)ʽķeʽ׃νа@(g)(xing)ʽʽֽ⡣

ʽֽҪأٽY(ji)ʽڽY(ji)Ƿeʽ۽Y(ji)ǵʽ

ʽֽcʽ˷P(gun)ϵm(a+b+c)

ʽ

һ(g)(xing)ʽÿ(xing)еĹʽ@(g)(xing)ʽ(xing)Ĺʽ

ʽ_ϵ(sh)(sh)r(sh)ȡ(xing)󹫼s(sh)ͬĸȡʹ΃ϵ(sh)󹫼s(sh)cͬĸȡʹ΃ķe@(g)(xing)ʽ(xing)Ĺʽ

ȡʽE

ٴ_ʽڴ_ʽ۹ʽcʽ(xi)ɷeʽ

ֽʽע

ٲ(zhn)Gĸ

ڲ(zhn)G(sh)(xing)ע(xing)(sh)

p̖(ho)Ɇ̖(ho)

ܽY(ji)(sh)ĸ(xing)ʽ(xing)ʽ

ͬʽ(xi)Ƀʽ

(xing)ؓ(f)̖(ho)̖(ho)

̖(ho)(ni)ͬ(xing)ϲ

ͨ^(gu)挦(du)ʽֽ(ni)֪R(sh)vW(xu)(x)ͬW(xu)ѽ(jng)ܺܺõ˰ϣă(ni)ݽoͬW(xu)ČW(xu)(x)ܺõĎ

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 14

һ(sh)c(sh)

a(sh)cʽ

1픵(sh)

(sh)(sh)/0/ؓ(f)(sh)

ڷ?jn)?sh)?jn)?sh)/ؓ(f)?jn)?sh)

(sh)S

ٮ(hu)һlˮƽֱֱȡһc(din)ʾ0(ԭc(din))xȡijһL(zhng)λL(zhng)Ҏ(gu)ֱҵķ?yn)͵õ?sh)S

κһ(g)픵(sh)Ô(sh)Sϵһ(g)c(din)(li)ʾ

ɂ(g)(sh)ֻз̖(ho)ͬô҂Qһ(g)(sh)һ(g)(sh)෴(sh)ҲQ@ɂ(g)(sh)෴(sh)ڔ(sh)Sʾ෴(sh)ăɂ(g)c(din)λԭc(din)ăɂ(c)cԭc(din)xȡ

ܔ(sh)Sσɂ(g)c(din)ʾĔ(sh)߅Ŀ߅Ĵ(sh)0ؓ(f)(sh)С0(sh)ؓ(f)(sh)

^(du)ֵ

ڔ(sh)Sһ(g)(sh)(du)(yng)c(din)cԭc(din)ľxԓ(sh)Ľ^(du)ֵ

(sh)Ľ^(du)ֵıؓ(f)(sh)Ľ^(du)ֵ෴(sh)0Ľ^(du)ֵ0ɂ(g)ؓ(f)(sh)^С^(du)ֵķС

픵(sh)\(yn)㣺ӷ

̖ͬ(ho)ȡͬķ̖(ho)ѽ^(du)ֵ

ڮ̖(ho)^(du)ֵȕr(sh)͞0;^(du)ֵȕr(sh)ȡ^(du)ֵ^Ĕ(sh)ķ̖(ho)^Ľ^(du)ֵpȥ^СĽ^(du)ֵ

һ(g)(sh)c0Ӳ׃

ppȥһ(g)(sh)ڼ@(g)(sh)෴(sh)

˷

كɔ(sh)̖ͬ(ho)̖(ho)ؓ(f)^(du)ֵˡ

κΔ(sh)c0˵0

۳˷e1ăɂ(g)픵(sh)鵹(sh)

ٳһ(g)(sh)ڳһ(g)(sh)ĵ(sh)

0(sh)

˷n(g)ͬ(sh)aķe\(yn)˷˷ĽY(ji)Ѓ磬aеה(sh)nдΔ(sh)

˷˳Ӝp̖(ho)Ҫ̖(ho)ġ

2(sh)(sh) o(w)픵(sh)o(w)޲ѭh(hun)С(sh)Пo(w)픵(sh)

ƽ

һ(g)(sh)xƽaô@(g)(sh)xͽag(sh)ƽ

һ(g)(sh)xƽaô@(g)(sh)xͽaƽ

һ(g)(sh)2(g)ƽ/0ƽ0/ؓ(f)(sh)](mi)ƽ

һ(g)(sh)aƽ\(yn)_(ki)ƽa_(ki)(sh)

һ(g)(sh)xaô@(g)(sh)xͽa

(sh)(sh)00ؓ(f)(sh)ؓ(f)(sh)

һ(g)(sh)a\(yn)_(ki)a_(ki)(sh)

(sh)(sh)

ٌ(sh)(sh)픵(sh)͟o(w)픵(sh)

ڌ(sh)(sh)(ni)෴(sh)(sh)^(du)ֵx픵(sh)(ni)෴(sh)(sh)^(du)ֵxȫһӡ

ÿһ(g)(sh)(sh)ڔ(sh)Sϵһ(g)c(din)(li)ʾ

3(sh)ʽ

(sh)ʽ?jin)Ϊ?d)һ(g)(sh)һ(g)ĸҲǴ(sh)ʽ

ϲͬ(xing)

ĸͬͬĸָ(sh)Ҳͬ(xing)ͬ(xing)

ڰͬ(xing)ϲһ(xing)ͽϲͬ(xing)

ںϲͬ(xing)r(sh)҂ͬ(xing)ϵ(sh)ĸĸָ(sh)׃

4ʽcʽ

ʽ

ٔ(sh)cĸij˷eĴ(sh)ʽІ(xing)ʽׂ(g)(xing)ʽĺͽж(xing)ʽ(xing)ʽͶ(xing)ʽy(tng)Qʽ

һ(g)(xing)ʽĸָ(sh)ͽ@(g)(xing)ʽĴΔ(sh)

һ(g)(xing)ʽУΔ(sh)ߵ(xing)ĴΔ(sh)@(g)(xing)ʽĴΔ(sh)

ʽ\(yn)㣺Ӝp\(yn)r(sh)̖(ho)ȥ̖(ho)ٺϲͬ(xing)

\(yn)㣺am+an=a(m+n)

(am)n=amn

(a/b)n=an/bn һ

ʽij˷

ن(xing)ʽc(xing)ʽϵ(sh)ͬĸăքeĸBָͬ(sh)׃eʽ

چ(xing)ʽc(xing)ʽˣǸ(j)Æ(xing)ʽȥ˶(xing)ʽÿһ(xing)ٰõķe

۶(xing)ʽc(xing)ʽһ(g)(xing)ʽÿһ(xing)һ(g)(xing)ʽÿһ(xing)ٰõķe

ʽɗlƽʽ/ȫƽʽ

ʽij

ن(xing)ʽϵ(sh)ͬה(sh)քe̵ʽ;(du)ֻڱʽﺬеĸtBָͬ(sh)һ̵һ(g)ʽ

ڶ(xing)ʽԆ(xing)ʽȰ@(g)(xing)ʽÿһ(xing)քeԆ(xing)ʽٰõ

ֽʽһ(g)(xing)ʽɎׂ(g)ʽķeʽ@N׃@(g)(xing)ʽֽʽ

ṫʽ\(yn)ùʽֽMֽⷨʮ˷

ʽ

ʽaʽbʽbкзĸô@(g)Ƿʽ(du)κһ(g)ʽĸ0

ڷʽķcĸͬԻͬһ(g)0ʽʽֵ׃

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)ֱλc(sh)P(gun)ϵ

k>0tֱăAбǞJ

k<0tֱăAбǞg

ۈDԽ|k|Խ

b>0ֱcySĽc(din)xSϷ

b<0ֱcySĽc(din)xS·

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 15

һh(hun)(f)(x)nͷʽ(gu)ı

һ(sh)W(xu)(f)(x)ĵЧ̌W(xu)Ӱп̌W(xu)|(zh)

(sh)W(xu)ď(f)(x)̌W(xu)עءĻA(ch)֪R(sh)˼ͻ(dng)(jng)(yn)얹̺͡ܡl(f)F(xin)(wn)}(wn)}(wn)}Q(wn)}܏(f)(x)̌W(xu)y(tng)r(sh)gص֪̎R(sh)얹c֮gP(gun)ϵ(do)(f)(x)̌W(xu)(sh)Ч(qing)ڳŒW(xu)ڵď(f)(x)̌W(xu)У(sh)̎áһA(ch)}Cϡď(f)(x)ʽʹÏ(f)(x)̌W(xu)ߺĵЧܴߌW(xu)l(f)F(xin)(wn)}(wn)}(wn)}ͽQ(wn)}ͬr(sh)ڏ(f)(x)̌W(xu)ϵĽoY(ni)ݳ(bio)ԇ}ƫyϏ(f)(x)̌W(xu)ҪƼsп(sh)W(xu)̌W(xu)|(zh)ߡ

h(hun)(f)(x)nͷʽnČ(sh)(yn)̌W(xu)ĕr(sh)a(chn)

ĿǰA(ch)n̸ĸM(jn)mȻ(li)Sϲ׃Sһ̎ڌ(sh)`пS[صĽ̌W(xu)ΣC(j)СMW(xu)(x)߳пĽ̌W(xu)|(zh)SnČ(sh)(yn)W(xu)УRشn}Pߌ(du)ν̌W(xu)У༉(j)ČW(xu)M(jn)˳LՄLՄӳW(xu)(sh)W(xu)(f)(x)AεĂ(g)(wn)}һDzϤп(sh)W(xu)VĿԇҪͿԇĿ(bio)](mi)_ij(sh)W(xu)(f)(x)ķǔ(sh)W(xu)A(ch)֪R(sh)ղȫ](mi)J(rn)֪Y(ji)(gu)(du)Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)߉݋P(gun)ϵǔ(sh)W(xu)}ղ㣬(du)Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)đ(yng)ðղǔ(sh)W(xu)˼ͻ(dng)(jng)(yn)Ƿȱ`\(yn)W(xu)֪R(sh)ͼ

h(hun)(f)(x)nͷʽČ(sh)`оD(zhun)׃̎(f)(x)nĽ̌W(xu)mϱ؅^(q)̌W(xu)(sh)Hrij(sh)W(xu)h(hun)(f)(x)n͵ķʽոӿƌW(xu)Чď(f)(x)γɃ(yu)|(zh)ij(sh)W(xu)(f)(x)̌W(xu)YԴ̎Ĕ(sh)W(xu)I(y)D(zhun)׃W(xu)Ĕ(sh)W(xu)W(xu)(x)ʽW(xu)nÅcȣ׃(dng)Ŀ(f)(x)(dng)dȤ̽Ķ߳(sh)W(xu)Ľ̌W(xu)|(zh)

h(hun)(f)(x)nͷʽ(gu)IJԷ

һP(gun)I~ĸ綨

1(f)(x)n͡(f)(x)nǸ(j)W(xu)J(rn)֪c(din)Ҏ(gu)ڌW(xu)(x)ijһA얹ьW(xu)֪R(sh)M(jn)֪R(sh)ϵy(tng)ߌW(xu)\(yn)W(xu)֪R(sh)Q(wn)}Ҫ΄(w)һNn_(ki)չ(sh)W(xu)(f)(x)nĿǜع֪©a(b)ȱJ(rn)֪Y(ji)(gu)M(jn)W(xu)}˼뷽γl(f)չ(sh)W(xu)(qing)W(xu)\(yn)Ô(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)Q(wn)}

2h(hun)@һNmϳ(sh)W(xu)(f)(x)̌W(xu)ĸЧnģʽ£

Ҫ

1һvwF(xin)c(din)ٌW(xu)ǰ12°l(f)ď(f)(x)(do)W(xu)ώr(sh)˽W(xu)A(y)(x)rώ(j)Vn(bio)Y(ji)όW(xu)A(y)(x)M(jn)ж΂n

ڶ˼\ࡱwF(xin)c(din)з˼DDI(y)vu(png)иM(jn)DDᘌ(du)(ni)ݵyc(din)͌W(xu)e(cu)c(din)׃ʽDDᘌ(du)(ni)ݵyc(din)͌W(xu)e(cu)c(din)ϵy(tng)DDӆ

L(dng)y(c)ԇwF(xin)ڃc(din)ٝL(dng)r(sh)DDc(din)yc(din)e(cu)c(din)֪R(sh)ڷu(png)r(ji)DDP(gun)עͽСMu(png)r(ji)

2h(hun)ָ(sh)W(xu)(f)(x)ný̌W(xu)(g)E(f)(x)չʾ|(zh)vӖ(xn)_(d)(bio)Y(ji)u(png)r(ji)@h(hun)h(hun)hfM(jn)oɡֻб֏(f)(x)nøЧĿɳm(x)ܱп̌W(xu)|(zh)@P(gun)Iăc(din)ؑ(yng)(w)P(gun)עһ̎Ҫxn(bio)VϤопԇ}ľƿ(f)(x)(do)W(xu)W(xu)ЧM(jn)п(f)(x)ָný̌W(xu)еİl(f)չu(png)r(ji)(yng)r(sh)M(jn)׌W(xu)W(xu)(hu)˼?x)w{(f)(x)Ŀ옷(l)

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji) 16

һǵĶx

oB(ti)йc(din)ăɗl侀MɵĈDν

(dng)B(ti)ǿԿһl侀@c(din)һ(g)λD(zhun)һ(g)λγɵĈD

һ(g)ǵă߅һlֱô@(g)ǽƽ;ƽǵһֱ;ֱСƽǵĽǽg;0СֱǵĽǽJ

ǵēQ㣺1ܽ=2ƽ=4ֱ=360;

1ƽ=2ֱ=180;

1ֱ=90;

1=60=3600(1=60=3600);

1=60(1=60).

a(b)ǵĸ|(zh)

ɂ(g)ǵĺһ(g)ƽô@ɂ(g)ǽa(b)

ɂ(g)ǵĺһ(g)ֱô@ɂ(g)ǽ

f(shu)a(b)ָɂ(g)ǵĔ(sh)P(gun)ϵ](mi)λP(gun)ϵ

|(zh)ͬ(Ƚ);

ͬ(Ƚ)a(b)

ǵı^

ǵĴС^ЃɷN

(1)();

(2)BϷ(ÈAҎ(gu)ֱ)

ƽ־һ(g)ǵc(din)һl侀@(g)Ƿֳȵăɲ@l侀@(g)ǵƽ־

Ҋ(jin)

(1)cr(sh)P(gun)Ć(wn)};

(2)ǵӋ(j)c

`^(q)

ǵĶ֡λēQ60M(jn)10M(jn)Qr(sh)10M(jn)Ӱ푶e(cu)

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)

1.һԪһηֻ̣һ(g)δ֪(sh)δ֪(sh)ĴΔ(sh)1Һδ֪(sh)(xing)ϵ(sh)ʽһԪһη̡

2.һԪһη̵Ę(bio)(zhn)ʽax+b=0(xδ֪(sh)ab֪(sh)a0)

3.һԪһη̽ⷨһ㲽E̡ȥĸȥ̖(ho)(xing)ϲͬ(xing)ϵ(sh)1 (z(yn)̵Ľ)

4.һԪһη̽⑪(yng)}

(1)x}ڡͣֆ(wn)}

м(x)x}ҳʾP(gun)ϵP(gun)I֣磺С٣pס@ЩP(gun)Iгֵʽғ(j)}O(sh)δ֪(sh)}ĿеcP(gun)ϵ(sh)ʽõ

(2)(hu)Dڡг̆(wn)}

ÈDη(sh)W(xu)(wn)}ǔ(sh)νY(ji)˼ڔ(sh)W(xu)еwF(xin)м(x)x}}⮋(hu)P(gun)DʹDθ־ضĺxͨ^(gu)DP(gun)ϵǽQ(wn)}P(gun)IĶȡòз̵(j)c֮gP(gun)ϵ(ɰδ֪(sh)֪)P(gun)Ĵ(sh)ʽǫ@÷̵ĻA(ch)

11.з̽⑪(yng)}ijùʽ

(1)г̆(wn)}x=ٶȡr(sh)g;

(2)̆(wn)}=Чr(sh);

(3)ʆ(wn)}=ȫw;

(4)(wn)}ٶ=oˮٶ+ˮٶٶ=oˮٶȡˮٶ;

(5)Ʒr(ji)(wn)}ۃr(ji)=r(ji)ۡ(rn)=ۃr(ji)ɱ;

(6)L(zhng)ewe(wn)}CA=2RSA=R2CL(zhng)=2(a+b)SL(zhng)=abC=4aS=a2Sh(hun)=(R2r2)VL(zhng)w=abcVw=a3VA=R2hVAF= R2h

ƒ(ni)Ǵ(sh)W(xu)ĺҲд(sh)̵ĻA(ch)SʵĆ(wn)}龳ͽQ(wn)}Ŀ옷(l)׼W(xu)(du)(sh)W(xu)Ę(l)ȤҪע(do)W(xu)߅Ć(wn)}оM(jn)ЧĔ(sh)W(xu)(dng)ͺ׌W(xu)(dng)W(xu)(x)̽W(xu)(x)^(gu)Ы@֪R(sh)w(hu)(sh)W(xu)˼뷽

Д(sh)W(xu)֪R(sh)c(din)Y(ji)P(gun)£

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